تعلم قواعد اللغة الانجليزية بسرعة, في درس اليوم سوف ندرس الحرف الطباعي @ At sign مع الصوت, سوف تتعلم الحرف الطباعي @ At sign بدون أية صعوبة وسوف تجد نفسك بعد هذا الكورس في اللغة الانجليزية متقنا لأهم قواعد الحرف الطباعي @ At sign كما أنك سوف تكون قادرا على تذكر جميع تفاصيل هذا الدرس لسهولته وبساطته. تعلم, تعليم, أتعلم, نتعلم, اللغة الانجليزية للأطفال والكبار. كورسات, كورس و بودكاست الانجليزية, صوتي مسموع, فيديو, الانترنت, اللغة, لغوية, مدرسة, معلم, يعلم, أريد تعلم الإنجليزية, رائعة, مجاني, سريع, موقف, مواقف, الحروف الإنجليزية, صور تعلم, الأبجدية الانجليزية, أغاني تعلم, ما هو معنى الكلمة الإنجليزية, learn English software, learn English quickly, learn English words, learn speak English, learn the English language, learn to speak English online, learning English in USA, English language immersion, English phrases, English tuition, English conversation, English training
الحرف الطباعي @ ليس له لفظ محدد في العربية، ولكن يلفظ حسب إحدى اللغات الأخرى الدارجة في بلد أو مجتمع عربي معين. (بالإنجليزية at آتْ، بالفرنسية Arobase أَغوبازْ، بالإسبانية Arroba أَروبا). يُستعمل غالبا في الإنترنت للفصل بين اسم المستخدم واسم النطاق في عنوان البريد الإلكتروني.
تاريخ
أقدم وثيقة معروفة استخدم فيها هي رسالة من فرانسيسكو لوبي (Francesco Lapi) وهو تاجر فلورانت (إيطاليا) مستقر في إشبيلية. في هذه الرسالة استعمل الحرف الطباعي @ لاختصار الكلمة 'Arroba' الإسبانية وهي وحدة الكيل الإسبانية المشتقة بدورها من العربية الربع.[1]
The at sign or @ is also commonly called in English the at symbol or commercial at - and much less commonly a wide range of other terms.[1][2][3] The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase[4] or Spanish arroba - or to coin words new words such as apserand[3] and ampersat[5] - but none of these has achieved wide currency.
Originally an accounting and commercial invoice abbreviation meaning "at the rate of" (e.g. 7 widgets @ $2 = $14), it was not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, but was on at least one 1889 model[6] and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It is now universally included on computer keyboards.
In recent years, its meaning has grown to include the sense of being "located at", especially in email addresses and social media.
The mark is encoded at U+0040 @ commercial at (HTML: @).
Modern uses
Commercial
In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, called at site or at rate meaning at and at the rate of. It has rarely been used in financial documents[clarification needed] or grocers' price tags, and is not used in standard typography.[9]
Contemporary usage
A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (transmitted by SMTP), as in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at site the example.com domain). BBN Technologies' Ray Tomlinson is credited with introducing this usage in 1971.[10] This idea of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh jdoe@example.net tries to establish a ssh connection to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.
On web pages, organizations often obscure email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known as address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.
Another contemporary use of the @ symbol in American English is adding information about a sporting event. Opposing sports teams sometimes have their names separated by a v. (for versus). However, the "v." may be replaced with "@" when also conveying at which team's home field the game will be played. In this case, the away team is written first.[11]
On some online forums without threaded discussions, @ is used to denote a reply; for instance: "@Jane" to respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line "@Keirsten" to indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her. This also helps with mobile email users who cannot see bold or color in email.
In microblogging (such as Twitter and StatusNet-based microblogs), @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g. "@otheruser: Message text here"). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. This use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September 15, 2009.[12] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is often shown before a user's nick to mark the operator of a channel.
@ is also used on many wireless routers/modems, where a solid green @ symbol indicates the router is connected and a solid amber @ indicates there is a problem.
Computer programming
@ is used in various programming languages although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:
In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For example: arrayx[@88] now refers to an array starting at index 88.
In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote. As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers. For example: @"Wikipedia".
In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
In Haskell, it is used in so-called at-patterns. This notation can be used to give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.
In ML, it denotes list concatenation.
In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world we are 'at').
In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation, and also to form string literals.
In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays.
In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[13]
In Python 2.4 and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in another one at creation time).
In Ruby, @ prefixes instance variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.
In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.
In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables.
In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For example: @1,1 SAY "HELLO" to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column 1.
In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but it is not an address operator).[14]
Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese
Main article: Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese
In Portuguese and Spanish, as well in other West Iberian languages where many words end in '-o' when in the masculine gender and end '-a' in the feminine, @ can be used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default 'o' ending,[15] which some advocates of gender-neutral language-modification feel indicates implicit linguistic disregard for women. These languages do not possess a neutral gender and the masculine forms are also used traditionally when referring to groups of mixed or unknown sex. The at-sign is intended to replace the desinence '-o', including its plural form '-os', due to the resemblance to a digraph of an inner letter 'a' and an outer letter 'o'.
As an example of the @ being used for gender-inclusive purposes, we can consider the Spanish and Portuguese word amigos. When the word represents not only male friends, but also female ones, the proponents of a gender-inclusive language replace it with amig@s. In this sense, amigos would be used only when the writer is sure the group referred to is all-male. Usage of amigas is the same in traditional and such new forms of communication. Alternative forms for a gender-inclusive at-sign would be the slash sign (amigos/as) and the circle-A, (amigⒶs)maybe as a kind of "bisexual digraph".However (as) is more used, using the male first, and the feminine in brackets, amigos(as), For more about this, see Satiric misspelling.
The Real Academia Española disapproves the use of the at-sign as a letter.[16]
Other uses and meanings
In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cm³ @ 15°C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0,150 g/L @ 20°C, 1 bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).
As an abbreviation for alias in articles about missing persons, obituaries, brief reports - for instance: "John Smith @ Jean Smyth" (a possible abbreviation of aka).[citation needed]
In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules. For instance, La@C60 means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage.
In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny.
In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.
In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used as a letter in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode, but SIL International uses Private Use Area code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions.[17]
A schwa, as the actual schwa character "ə" may be difficult to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in the ASCII IPA schemes SAMPA, X-SAMPA and Kirshenbaum.
In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".
It is frequently used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for "at".
In online discourse, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.
Names in other languages
In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "The Internet", computerization, or modernization in general.
In Arabic, it is at spelled آتْ (using the English pronunciation).
In Armenian, it is "shnik" (շնիկ) which means puppy.
In Azeri, it is at (using the English pronunciation).
In Basque, it is "a bildua" (wrapped a).
In Belarusian, it's called "сьлімак" ("helix", "snail")
In Bosnian, it is "ludo a" ("crazy a").
In Bulgarian, it is called кльомба ("klyomba", means nothing else) or маймунско а (maymunsko a "monkey A"), maimunka (маймунка), "little monkey".
In Catalan, it is called 'arrova' (which means a unit of measure), or 'ensaïmada' (because of the similar shape of this food speciality)
In Chinese
In mainland China, it is quan A (圈A), meaning "circled A / enclosed A" or hua A (花A), meaning "lacy A". Sometimes as xiao laoshu (小老鼠), meaning "little mouse".[18] Nowadays, for most of China's youth, it is at (using the English pronunciation).
In Taiwan, it is xiao laoshu (小老鼠).
In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at (using the English pronunciation).
In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English word at. Informally, it is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word, monkey. Note that the Croatian word for monkey, majmun, is not used to denote @.
In Czech, and Slovak, it is called zavináč, which means (rollmops).
In Danish, it is snabel-a ("(elephant's) trunk-a").
In Dutch, it is called apenstaartje ("(little) monkey-tail").
In Esperanto, it is called ĉe-signo ("at" – for the email use, with an address pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org), po-signo ("each"—refers only to the mathematical use) or heliko ("snail").
in Estonian, it is also called at, meaning "@".
In Faroese, it is kurla (sounds "curly"), hjá ("at"), tranta and snápil-a ("(elephant's) trunk-a").
In Finnish, it was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinnan merkki ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially ät-merkki, according to the national standardization institute SFS; frequently also spelled "at-merkki". Other names include kissanhäntä, ("cat's tail") and miukumauku ("miaow-meow").
In French, it is now officially the arobase[19][20] but aslso called the arrobase, arrobe or a commercial (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should normally only be used when quoting prices; it should always be called arobase or, better yet, arobas when in an email address), and sometimes a dans le rond (a in the circle). Same origin as Spanish, which could be derived from Arabic, ar-roub. In France, it is also common (especially for the younger generations) to say "at" (using the English word) when spelling out an email address.
In Georgian, it is "at" (using the English pronunciation), spelled ეთ–ი(კომერციული ეთ–ი).
In German, it sometimes used to be referred to as Klammeraffe (meaning "spider monkey"). Klammeraffe refers to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey grabbing a branch. Lately, it is mostly called at just like in English
In Greek, it is most often referred to as papaki (παπάκι), meaning "duckling," due to the similarity it bears with comic character designs for ducks.
In Greenlandic, and Inuit language, it is called aajusaq meaning "a-like" or "something that looks like a"
In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as shtrudel (שטרודל). The normative term, invented by The Academy of the Hebrew Language, is krukhit (כרוכית), which is a Hebrew word for strudel.
In Hindi, it is "at" (using the English pronunciation).
In Hungarian, it is called kukac ("worm, maggot").
In Icelandic, it is referred to as "at merkið ("the at-sign") or "hjá", which is a direct translation of at.
In Indonesian, it is usually read et. Variations exist – especially if verbal communication is very noisy – such as: a bundar/a bulat (meaning "circle A"), a keong ("snail A"), and (very rarely) a monyet ("monkey A").
In Italian, it is chiocciola ("snail") or a commerciale, sometimes at (pronounced more often [ˈɛt], rarely [ˈat]) or ad.
In Japanese, it is called attomāku (アットマーク, "at mark"). The word is a wasei-eigo, a loan word from the English language, or Gairaigo, referring to foreign loan words in general. It is sometimes called naruto, because of Naruto whirlpools or food (Narutomaki).
In Kazakh, it is officially called айқұлақ ("moon's ear"), sometimes unofficial as ит басы ("dog's head").
In Korean, it is called golbaeng-i (골뱅이; bai top shells), a dialectal form of whelk.
In Kyrgyz, it is officially called маймылча ("monkey"), sometimes unofficial as собачка ("doggy"), and et (using the English pronunciation).
In Latvian, it is pronounced same as in English, but, since in Latvian [æ] is written as "e" not "a" (as in English), it's sometimes written as et.
In Lithuanian, it is eta (equivalent to English at but with Lithuanian ending)
In Luxembourgish it used to be called Afeschwanz (monkey-tail), but due to widespread use it is now pronounced 'at' like in English.
In Macedonian, it is called мајмунче (pronun. my-moon-cheh, little monkey)
In Malay, it is called alias when it is used in name, di when it is used in email. It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which means or or either.
In Morse Code, it is known as a "commat," consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" run together as one character: (·--·-·). The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[21] the only change since World War I.
In Norwegian, it is officially called krøllalfa ("curly alpha" or "alpha twirl"). (The alternate alfakrøll is also common, but is not its official name.) Sometimes Snabel a, @'s Swedish/Danish name, (trunk a, as in elephant's trunk) is used. Commonly, people will call the letter [æt] (as in English), particularly when giving their email address.
In Persian, it is at (using the English pronunciation).
In The Philippines, at means 'and' in Tagalog which could be used interchangeably in colloquial abbreviations. Ex: Magluto @ kumain. Cook and eat.
In Portuguese, it is called 'arroba' (from the Arabic arrub). The word arroba is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. While there are regional variations, one arroba is typically considered as representing approximately 32 pounds, 14.7 kg, and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba. In Brazil, cattle are still priced by the arroba – now rounded to 15 kg. (This occurs because the same sign was used to represent the same measure.)
In Polish, it is called, both officially and commonly małpa (monkey); sometimes also małpka (little monkey).
In Romanian, it is called colloquially (iliterately) Coadă de maimuţă (monkey-tail) or "a-rond". The latter is commonly used and it comes from a-round from its shape, but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol "A-rond" (rounded A). Some even call it "aron". Recommended reading: "at" or "la".
@ on an DVK Soviet computer (c. 1984)
In Russian, it is most commonly sobaka (собака) (dog). The name "dog" has come from Soviet computers DVK where the symbol had a short tail and similarity to a dog.
In Serbian, it is called лудо А / ludo A (crazy A), мајмунче / majmunče (little monkey) or мајмун / majmun (monkey)
In Slovenian, it is called afna (little monkey)
In Spanish-speaking countries it denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While there are regional variations in Spain and Mexico it is typically considered to represent approximately 25 pounds (11.5 kg), and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba. It has also been used as a unit of volume for wine and oil.
In Swedish, it is called snabel-a ("(elephant's) trunk-a"), kanelbulle (Cinnamon roll) or simply "at" like in the English language.
In Swiss German, it is commonly called Affenschwanz ("monkey-tail").
In Thai, it is commonly called at like English.
In Turkish, it is et (using the English pronunciation). Also called as güzel a (beautiful a), özel a (special a), salyangoz (snail), koç (ram), kuyruklu a (a with a tail), çengelli a (a with hook) and kulak (ear).
In Ukrainian, it is commonly called et ("at"), other names being ravlyk (равлик) (snail), slymachok (слимачок) (little slug), vukho (вухо) (ear) and pesyk (песик) (little dog).
In Urdu, it is called at, identical to the English use of the symbol.
In Uzbek, it is called kuchukcha which means doggy, a direct translation of this term from Russian.
In Vietnamese, it is called a còng (bent a) in the North and a móc (hooked a) in the South.
In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden (a snail).
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